LANGUAGE REFERENCE
128
2
GRAMMAR
G1
PAST SIMPLE
Form the past simple of most regular verbs by adding
-ed
to the end of the verb.
jump – jump
ed
last – last
ed
With verbs ending in
-e
, add
-d
only.
dance – danc
ed
die – di
ed
With verbs ending in
-y
, remove
-y
and add
-ied
.
carry – carr
ied
hurry – hurr
ied
Where a verb ends with the letter
t
or
d
, the
-ed
is an
extra syllable and is pronounced
/ɪd/
.
lasted
/ˈlɑːstɪd/
landed
/ˈlændɪd/
For other verbs the
-ed
is pronounced either
/t/
or
/d/
, depending on the sound at the end of the verb.
jumped
/dʒʌmpt/
received
/rɪˈsiːvd/
Many commonly used verbs have an irregular past
simple form. For example:
become – became lead – led
begin – began
take – took
write – wrote
go – went
Use the past simple to refer to finished actions that
are in the past.
I
began
school in 1989.
He
set
out across Europe in 1271.
We often use the past simple when we know or
say the exact time of the action and with time
expressions such as
yesterday
,
last week
,
in 1271
.
G2
PRESENT PERFECT
Form the present perfect with
has/have
(
’s/’ve
) +
past participle of the verb.
She
’s sailed
round the world.
They
’ve climbed
Mount Everest.
Use the present perfect to talk about:
•
finished actions in a time period that continues up to
now. We often use time expressions such as
today
,
this week
,
this year
.
We’ve been really busy
all week
.
You’ve worked hard
all year
.
•
experiences in our lives when we don’t say when they
happened. We often use adverbs such as
never
,
ever
,
already
,
yet
,
just
.
Have you
ever
visited their house?
They’ve
never
climbed Mont Blanc.
ALREADY
,
YET
AND
EVER
These three adverbs are often used in conjunction
with the present perfect:
• ever
is used in questions to refer to any time up to the
present.
Have you
ever
been to Germany?
• already
is used in affirmative sentences and questions
to refer to an event close to the present that has
happened.
We’ve
already
done that. What’s next?
• yet
is used in questions and negative sentences to
refer to an event that is planned or expected, but not
completed.
I haven’t had time to do it
yet
.
!
We use
already
and
ever
before the main verb,
but
yet
comes at the end of the sentence.
I have
already
finished it.
Sorry, I haven’t finished it
yet
.
G3
PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE
The present perfect and past simple both refer to the
past, but the present perfect doesn’t necessarily say
or imply when something happened.
We’ve already found someone suitable.
The present perfect and past simple can both refer
to finished actions, but the past simple refers to a
specific past time and the present perfect to a time
continuing up to now.
We
looked
for someone suitable last year.
We
’ve looked
for someone suitable this year.
!
We rarely use adverbs such as
ever
,
already
,
yet
with the past simple.
KEY LANGUAGE
KL
DISCUSSING ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES, MAKING SUGGESTIONS
There are arguments for and against.
On the one hand …
On the other hand …
Another disadvantage of … is that …
I think we should …
It’d be a good idea to …
I suggest we …
How about …
Another drawback of …
That’s a big bonus for them.
VOCABULARY
V1
TRAVEL
abroad, destination, home, journey, package holiday,
travel (n), trip
V2
TRAVEL EXPRESSIONS
become more independent, become more
self-confident, broaden your horizons,
broadens the mind, do voluntary work, earn money,
escape poverty, experience different cultures,
explore new places, find yourself, get away from it all,
learn a new language, learn new skills, meet new people,
see new sights, study for qualifications abroad
V3
PHRASAL VERBS
break down, carry on, check in, get back, lift off,
look around, set out, stop off
